What Do We Call An Ethical Dilemma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1171 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Introduction An ethical dilemma is a moral situation where one has to choose between two equal undesired alternatives. When an ethical dilemma occurs in the field of medicine, there is a need to find a practical solution. There are different ways to approach a moral dilemma. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Do We Call An Ethical Dilemma?" essay for you Create order The first step is determining the situation that causes the dilemma. It is challenging to identify an ethical dimension in a problem. Discussing the dilemma with seniors or colleagues is important although learning to make a reasonable decision in the face of the dilemma is critical. The main factor influencing an ethical dilemma is behavior or attitude. Examples include organizational goals, personal character, and conflict of individual-based values. The purpose of the study below is to identify the way ethics apply to deal with different issues. The following is a case study of a woman who had an emergency in stomach pains. The physician performs a CT scan and diagnoses her with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which upon stretching can burst and cause death. The patient is advised to have surgery as soon as possible. She refuses the surgery giving an excuse that she is an erotic dancer and the scar left could affect it. The physicians try to pressure her on the importance, but she refuses. The physicians feel the woman needed assistance but could not make the right choice. The ethical dilemma in the case occurs when the doctor has to decide on the best action to take to help the patient. The caring response, in this case, is making sure the patient receives treatment where the six steps result to the final decision of performing the surgery. Step 1 It is advisable to gather all the relevant information from the patient before making a decision. After analyzing the ethical issue in a situation, it is easy to identify the critical aspect of the problem. It involves identifying the questions that need an answer and searching for the relevant principles that should apply. The appropriate source of information is from the patient, the field experts, and also from fellow staff. Its relevance is to ensure that the main issue is addressed. From the gathered information, one can decide whether to perform an act or not. There are various types of information that can help to analyze the patients situation in the case. They comprise the number of sources of income, her responsibilities, and status information. Among the questions to ask the patient include: the number of sources of income she has, her duties, how flexible she is to adjust to the change of occupation, availability of anyone to assist her in the responsibilities, and whethe r she has a spouse. Step 2 Different types of ethical problems comprise type A, type B, ethical dilemma, locus of authority, and moral distress. Type A focus on internal and external barriers, and type B deals with truth. Moral distress focus on whether something is wrong as well as negative consequences. Locus of authority asks whether somebody could be influencing the decision, while moral distress deals with personal behavior. Therefore, type A ethical dilemma is more relevant in this case since it involves two aspects of care. The woman is afraid of losing the dance work that helps her in raising income, and the situation is demanding for a surgery. The surgery is a barrier to the work she does as it can burst if stretched and dancing involves a lot of dancing. Step 3 Three theories can help in analyzing the situation. They include utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. To start with, the utilitarianism deals with outcomes such as performing an act that is more beneficial. Then, deontology is based on the duty to help in decision making. The most relevant question to ask in this theory is whether to focus on duties as a guide in making choices. Lastly, virtue ethics focus on the character of an ethical person. Therefore, the approach that fits in the case is utilitarianism. The approach applies when the physician convinces the woman on the importance of the surgery despite losing her job. The benefit of the physician is that she can be able to do other types of work after it heals. However, failure for the surgery will not enable her to work. Step 4 Generating a working strategy that ensures that all patients receive assistance is crucial. Hence, it is essential to look for information and brainstorm all the ideas from the answers given by the patient. The characteristics include an ability to generate information fast, put the information in an orderly manner, and offer the participant equal opportunity and find significance in all ideas. The case indicates that the patient has to receive surgery to survive. The following are three quality alternatives in the case. The first option is the failure to do the surgery upon which the patient dies. The second alternative is performing the operation and losing the work. The third alternative is to leave the patient alone to decide on what she wants. However, it is more appropriate to convince the patient to accept the surgery. The reason is that there are other work opportunities she can get after recovery. Step 5 It may be difficult to convince the patient about the advantages of performing the surgery. However, the doctor has to apply the utilitarianism theory to assist her. There are hindrances on deciding to do it such as lack of patients agreement and a risk that can occur when the surgery leads to more complications. The steps to ensure the process is successfully done is being positive about the outcomes and convincing the patient on the possibility of getting another job. However, when the information acquired from the patient indicates more harm after the surgery occurs, it may not be necessary to take action. Step 6 Self-evaluation is essential in making the right decision and achieving expected results. It offers a possibility to assess the advantages and disadvantages that result from decision making. Nursing, which is my future profession, is more demanding regarding self-evaluation. It is important to review the past evaluation method results and do a self-evaluation. In case there are hardships in making the decision, it is ethically right to do some consultation from my team or more experienced persons. Conclusion The case study illustrates the relevant aspects of a decision-making process. There are specific ethics that apply depending on the case study. The first thing when deciding on what ethics apply in a particular case and the way to approach it is gathering all relevant information and analyzing it. The issue of analysis, in this case, was the reason for declining surgery. On ascertaining the information, the idea of the physician to perform the surgery was more applicable. The fifth step is the most difficult in dealing with this case. It is the final decision which comprises making a step where the best ethical choice has to take place. The analysis can be useful in my future nursing career when gathering information and assessing a moral dilemma.

Taking a Look at Huntingtons Disease - 1686 Words

In 1892, George Huntington described this disease in the following quote: The hereditary chorea, as I shall call it, is confined to certain and fortunately few families, and has been transmitted to them, an heirloom from generations away back in the dim past. It is spoken of by those in whose veins the seeds of the disease are known to exist, with a kind of horror and not at all alluded to except through dire necessity when it is mentioned as â€Å"that disorder†. George Huntington was not the first to describe the disease, but he was the first to present an account in concise clear detail. After Huntington’s research, the disease was known as Huntington chorea. Chorea meaning sporadic, involuntary movements. As time has progressed, research has as well, and this disease has come to be known as Huntington’s disease (HD). Huntington’s is a neurodegenerative disorder that is autosomal dominant, meaning the defective gene needs only be inherited from one parent. The cause of HD is a defect that occurs on chromosome 4 and as mentioned above is hereditary. This disease affects the cognitive, motor and emotional functions of the brain. Oliver Quarrell put in simpler terms the actions of the brain cells in a book he wrote stating the known facts of Huntington’s disease. Quarrell (1999) described a person with this disease to have, â€Å"some nerve cells, in specific areas of the brain, die back early† (p.2). The act ion of cells dying prematurely leads to two forms of Huntington’s; AdultShow MoreRelatedHuntington s Disease : A Genetic Disorder1121 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Huntington’s Disease- Huntington s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder. It affects the muscle coordination and decline in cognitive that leads to dementia. It affects both males and females in their middle age (J.D, 2015). Huntington’s disease is most common in genetic causes the leads to abnormal involuntary movement also called Huntington’s chorea (J.D, 2015). Epidemiology: Huntington s disease is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder it occurs in aRead MoreGenetic testing is a class of medical testing that recognize changes in chromosomes, gene or1300 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic testing is a class of medical testing that recognize changes in chromosomes, gene or proteins. This type of test look for abnormalities in DNA or RNA that is collected from a person’s blood, body fluids or tissues. Genetic testing scans the genes looking for large or small change that occur to gene. These changes to the genes could have missing or addition parts that could change the chemical base within the DNA strand. 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The disease manifests primarily in tissues of the brain, and affects the shutdown of many primary functions including speech, movement, and cognitive abilities. With a strong genetic component, there is a 50% chance of just one parent passing the gene linked with Huntington s Disease along to offspring; additionallyRead MoreEcological Models And Health Behavior Change Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pageshealth behaviors and environmental factors while designing operational and supportab le health promotion plans. Healthcare promotion is primarily based upon the public health and under this the world has changed very rapidly. Prevention against the diseases is the main health care issues and many professionals have derived many possible solutions to it. 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Campbell Psychology 210 October 31, 2015 Malvereen Harris Alzheimer’s Disease: The Neurological Thief It is a wicked disease that slowly steals our loved ones memories, independence and eventually their lives. While no one knows the exact cause of Alzheimer’s Disease, it is the leading cause of dementia related deaths to date. It was first described in 1906 by Alois Alzheimer, a German psychologist and neurologist. Alzheimer’s Disease is a neurologicalRead MoreForest Conservation Of Long Island, New York1092 Words   |  5 Pagesextensive suburban development in the few decades, a fact that has made forest conservation a critical issue. This is important because god forest cover can go a long way to benefit the industries and local communities in Nassau County, Syosset, Huntington and North Shore and other areas in Long Island. According to the New York State, Department of Environmental Conservation, the total forested area in New York state is about 19 million acres or about 63% of the total acreage available. The forestRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Is A Scient ific Program1357 Words   |  6 Pagesdivision is taking place as the new cell has to have an exact copy of the DNA that was in the old cell. DNA is also important because it transfers hereditary information from generation to generation; it even helps determine the structure of a cell, for example it can be a muscle cell or a blood cell. Method of DNA testing The information from the project helps scientists to find out exactly which parts of the DNA, on which chromosomes, are responsible for the variety of inherited diseases. (WJEC A2

European History free essay sample

Analyze attitudes toward and evaluate the motivations behind the European acquisition of African colonies in the period 1880 to 1914. Prior to the European takeover of colonies in Africa, Europe had been going through the Industrial Revolution. While European nations had been focusing on building up themselves to become stronger, they began sending missionaries and explorers such as Stanley and Livingston deep into central Africa. European nations soon discovered that there were vast amounts of resources to be found and harvested, and with a different motivation for each nation, they saw that taking over colonies in Africa would give them either a political or economic advantage in Europe. Many of the European nations had different reasons for wanting to control parts of Africa. Chancellor Otto von Bismark of Germany, speaking to his explorer that returned from Africa, says â€Å"My map of Africa is in Europe. Here is Russia and here is France, and we are in the middle. We will write a custom essay sample on European History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is my map of Africa† (Doc 3). He argues that he is focusing on Europe and he is only willing to establish colonies because France and Russia are doing it as well. For Britain, Joseph Chamberlain, a politician and reformer, explains during his speech, â€Å"to reduce the British Empire to the dimensions of the United Kingdom, half at least of our population would be starved† (Doc 4). Chamberlain claims that developing colonies in Africa is necessary for British population survival. In the book, The Master of the Sea, Eugene-Melchior de Vogue, French diplomat, describes how the European balance of power is now becoming a world balance of power (Doc 10). This means that in order to keep the balance of power, other nations would need to establish colonies in Africa in order to stay important. Out of those reason there were some European nations that believed would gain a political advantage by taking territories in Africa. Prince Leopold, future king of Belgium, during a conversation said â€Å"history teaches that colonies are useful, that they play a great part in that which makes up the power and prosperity of states, let us strive to get one in our turn† (Doc 1). Leopold believes colonies in Africa would make Belgium more powerful. Leopold being an heir to the throne would want to become a great leader by making Belgium stronger through colonies. Benjamin Disraeli, British prime minister, speaking to the House of Commons, in regards to Suez Canal, states that he never recommended the canal as a financial investment, but as a political transaction to strengthen the empire (Doc 2). He argues that the canal can be seen more as useful towards political aims by making it easier to travel to and control the African territories. Another British political speaker, Archibald Philip Primrose, politician and foreign secretary, in his letter to the London Times, expresses that Britain as its first condition requires to be an imperial race and that â€Å"survival of the fittest is an absolute truth in the conditions of the modern world† (Doc 8). Britain use imperialism in Africa is needed to survive in the modern world ruled by Social Darwinism. As a British citizen, Primrose knows that Great Britain relies on exports from their colonies for food and income, so he would want to promote imperialism into other countries. In the book, The Master of the Sea, Eugene-Melchior de Vogue, French diplomat, states that because of European balance of power becoming world balance of power, â€Å"any country that does not wish to become less important must obtain as much new territory relatively as our rivals are doing† (Doc 10). Vogue shows that some countries would see colonizing Africa as a way to keep up with their enemies and not become overpowered. Like those that believed Africa would give a political advantage, others thought that its resources would be economically beneficial. George Washington Williams, lawyer, historian, and legislator, in a letter addressed to King Leopold II of the Belgian, tells about the progress of the Independent State of Congo, explains how Henry M. Stanley was able to deceive the natives into handing over their villages to Belgium (Doc 6). King Leopold II and Stanley created the Independent State of Congo in hopes of making a big profit off of Africa out of the natives and their resources. German Social Democratic Party Congress, in Resolution, argues that the discontent of the bourgeoisie for more money and ever-increasing capital are the reasons that Germany colonizes Africa (Doc 9). The bourgeoisie look to Africa to expand their markets because they are discontent exploiting their home markets. With the party being democratic they would be a liberal group and not wanting to colonize and enslave others. Over the European takeover of Africa, those European nations would begin fighting over their new territories. European History free essay sample How did Bismarck’s system of alliances help maintain peace? Bismarck’s system of alliances was the goal of keeping France isolated and not to have any military allies. Also, he wanted to keep Russia and Austria-Hungary from going to war. France was still bitter over the losing Alsace-Lorraine from the Franco-Prussian War. Both Russia and Austria-Hungary desired territory from the weakening Ottoman Empire, which was the Balkans. The Three Emperors League was an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. This was against radical movements. With the Congress of Berlin, Austria got Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Balkan states ended up becoming independent. The Triple Alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was a defensive alliance protection against Russia. The Reinsurance Treaty was between Germany and Russia. If one of them were to be attacked, they promised neutrality. Germany was concerned about war between Austria and Russia. Plus France and Russia being allies. We will write a custom essay sample on European History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page William II ended this treaty and dismissed Bismarck. 2) What were the reasons for Britain and Germany’s love-hate relationship? Between the 1700 and 1800’s, Germany and Britain had a common enemy, which was France. Their racials ties of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people as well. The rivalry was of course power. Germany was on the rise to power. Economic wise was the colonie and the world market. For the military component, Germany expanded their navy with battleships. Great Britain is known for its naval supremacy and it was threatened by Germany. It ended up being a naval race between the two nations. For the political factors, Great Britain wanted alliances with France, Russia, and the United States. At the Algeciras Conference, Germany attempted to break the friendship between Great Britain and France. They failed and brought them closer. 3) Why was the Moroccan crisis of 1905 a turning point in European diplomacy? France and Great Britain agreed over North Africa. Britain got full control over Egypt and France got full control over Morocco. The Anglo-French Entente was closer relations between France and England. Germany as always wanted to try and break the treaty between France and England. Germany didnt act diplomatically though. They were now viewed as an international bully. Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States saw Germany as a common threat. These four nations became closer. Austria became Germany’s main ally as well. 4) What impact did the Congress of Berlin (1878) have on the Balkan area? What were the origins and causes of the â€Å"Third Balkan War†? With the Congress of Berlin, Austria-Hungary had power over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania and Serbia won independence. Bulgaria won a somewhat say in their government. Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted to control the Balkans. With nationalism, Serbia wanted to expand by gaining Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary ended up annexing both of their wanted territories. Serbians were furious. The First and Second Balkan Wars consisted of fight within Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire about territorial gains. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was on a visit to Sarajevo and ended up getting assassinated by Serbians. It was the Black Hand which was a Serbian terrorist group. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia which was the start of the Third Balkan War. Austria-Hungary wanted to stop nationalism that threatened their empire. 5) Which of the major powers do you believe were most responsible and least responsible for the war? Explain. Austria-Hungary had imperialism in the Balkans and declared war on Serbia. They were also Germany’s main ally. Russia had total support of Serbia. They allied with Serbia and France. All three of them mobilized against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany wrote a â€Å"blank check† to Austria-Hungary. William II’s poor control of international diplomacy lead to the Moroccan crisis and naval build up. In addition, Germany invaded France through Belgium. France became permanently mad at Germany and seeked for revenge. They ended up allying with Russia. This meant the support from Russia meant also from Serbia. Great Britain had a naval build up and entered an alliance with France. This disrupted the balance of power and made it point toward France now. 6) What impact did the war have on the economy and the people at home? How cooperative was the population? The economy changed from a free market system to a state run economy. The government organized price and wage controls, quotas, production and what to be produced. The food and resources vital for war had to be rationed. Due to nationalism, the population was supportive of the â€Å"total war† efforts of their governments, in the beginning of the war. 7) Did the war have any effect on the power of organized labor? On women in society? The labor unions cooperated with governments on production and wages. The government gave back by allowing labor leaders in policy making councils. The unions were accepted in the European countries as legitimate organizations. Women were now in demand for labor because men were off at war. Women became a more visible part in society and this gave a boost for the modern women’s rights movement. 8) What evidence is there that the strain of the war was beginning to take its toll on the home front in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916? Russia had a lot of war casualties. The population was vital of the czar’s leadership. Nicholas II went to the front to lead the troops. While he was away, Alexandra and Rasputin were in charge. Austria’s chief minister was assassinated. Frances Joseph died as well. The Czechs and Yugoslavs called for autonomous democracies. France and their troops refused to fight. There were labor strikes during the war. Clemenceau ruled practically as a dictator. Germany had Karl Liebknecht, who was a radical social leader, spoke out against war. This had the radicals to protest. There was an expanding anti-war legislation in the Reichstag and massive break strikes in Berlin. 9) What were the reasons for the Russian Revolution in March 1917? Who were the Soviets? The war demoralized troops which led to mass desertions. Many peasant soldiers returned home and angry with weapons. Also the war produced massive food shortages and there were bread riots in St. Petersburg. These riots spread like wildfire. Nicholas II ended up stepping down and leaving Russia. The Soviet and the provisional government ended up trying to rule Russia. The social classes were going for political liberty. The upper middle class were expecting better results from the war. Workers demanded better wages and good. Peasants asked for land reform. The Soviets was a political organization in St. They were against the czar’s government and operated separately from the Kerenskys provisional government. For example, Army Order #1. 10) What were the reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the civil war? The democracy ended up turning into an anarchy. Not one individual group or person had clear dominance to take power. Lenin and Trotsky were talented leaders who competed for power. Trotsky created an organized and centralized army that was able to outperform the whites. While Lenin was able to appeal to the urban workers and soldiers who were for socialism, successfully. The Bolsheviks ruled the center of Russia while the white were scattered out over thousands of miles. There was a secret police and the use of terror. The â€Å"White Armies† were decentralized and didn’t organize movements. They didn’t have a clear political objective that rallied the enemies of the Bolsheviks into an united front. Foreign military aid was too late and little and rallied nationalistic Russian against the whites. 11) What happened to the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires after 1918? Austria-Hungary became Austria. They lost land to Italy which was Tyrol. They became independent states which were Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Austria ended up becoming a small, militarily insignificant European nation. The Ottoman Empire ended up becoming Turkey. France got Lebanon and Syria. While Britain received Iraq and Palestine. The empire was diminished and Turkey’s borders were the Anatolian peninsula and the Bosporus. Both of these nations were once dominant in power and now were put down to secondary status, which is ironic. 12) What were the goals of Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Versailles Peace Conference? President Wilson of the United States created the Fourteen Points. He wanted national self determinations, rights of small countries, and League of Nations. David Lloyd George was focused on restoring Germany to a reasonable economic strength. He perceived that Germany could be a balance to the communist Russia. Georges Clemenceau seeked revenge against Germany for the two invasions in the last forty years. He wanted to create a buffer state between France and Germany. He wanted protection against future attacks and permanent demilitarization of Germany. Germany had to pay large war reparations and it weakened them, yet gave France a chance to rebuild.

Developing Lean Operations and Supplier Optimization

Question: Discuss about theDeveloping Lean Operations and Supplier Optimization. Answer: Introduction Over the last decade, most of the Japanese companies have adopted alternative methods of operation strategy, which include Lean thinking and Just In Time (JIT) approach (Bamford Forrester, 2010). Lean is a scheme, which helps to remain competitive through identification and elimination of wasteful steps in processes and products. JIT comes in action when no stock is held by business and it relies on delivery of raw materials and components to arrive (Bamford, 2010). Impact of Lean on Organization Lean strategy was considered as phase changer in the organizations as it brought abrupt changes in the organization (Green, Inman Whitten, 2014). Lean operation had a positive impact on the organizations as it used less work force, area, capital expenditure, materials and time between customers order and shipment (Fullerton, Kennedy Widener, 2014). It focused on getting more with less through lessening inventory at every step of production, reducing cycle time against raw material and finished good and eliminating all type of wastes (Fullerton, 2014). JIT Success and Implementation It is an absolute philosophy of removal of waste continuously towards constructing excellence. It focuses on improvement instead of aiming for optimization (Widener, 2014). It follows the pull system of production that means that real order gives a signal for when the product is built. It enables a firm to produce only the required amount and at specified time (Lyons,Vidamour Sutherland, 2013). The factors which make JIT successful are that it lessens waste and improves the quality, decreases set-up and transition time, trims batch size thus lowering work-in-progress (WIP) and it has indexes in identifiable spaces and starts stock cut (Lyons et al., 2013). JIT needs to be modified in the field of employee training as employees need to learn the proper use of any tool before using it, technology as technology has always something new to deal with, quality and service delivery (Piercy Rich, 2015). Problems with JIT is that a little room exists for mistakes as nominal stock is conserved for re-working on damaged product and production is susceptible on supplier and if the product is not delivered within time limit, it can result in delay of whole production schedule (Piercy, 2015). Implementation of JIT can be beneficial as holding of lower stocks results in reduction of storage space, which saves insurance costs and rent (Lyons et al., 2013). Less working capital is bound with stock and thus stock is obtained only when needed, there is less chance of perishing and getting obsolete of product and less time is spent re-work and checking of others product as the policy focuses on working right for the first time (Widener, 2014). As the organization here, deals with clothes, so lean thinking can be applied in various ways. Through JIT approach, the store can hold low stocks and keep updating the collections frequently so that only the popular products will be produced and less popular will be disregarded (Green et al., 2014). Other factors of lean thinking are agility which involves pulling back the unfinished products and customer value under which capacity material is bought from the suppliers but particular color or print is not committed until the organization gets fair picture of the customer preference (Santos, Wysk Torres, 2014). One-piece-flow is also a major aspect of lean thinking. It involves movement of one piece at a time of the product and removes all type of waste products thus increasing the agility of the company (Aziz Hafez, 2013). Conclusion Hence, from the above discussion, it is concluded that Japanese companies have adopted lean thinking and its various strategies in their industries, as they have enormous benefits. They help a lot to increase production as well as decrement of labor cost and extra cost thus becoming more effective. It also helps to fulfill customer demands as only the required amount is created and thus there are no leftovers. Reference Aziz, R. F., Hafez, S. M. (2013). Applying lean thinking in construction and performance improvement.Alexandria Engineering Journal,52(4), 679-695. Bamford, D.R. Forrester, P.L. (2010) Essential guide to operations management: concepts and case notes. London: Wiley.Chapter 6, Developing lean operations (pp. 103-119) (attached) Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A., Widener, S.K. (2014) Lean manufacturing and firm performance: the incremental contribution of lean management accounting practices, Journal of Operations Management, 32 (7/8), pp. 414-428. Green, K.W., Jr., Inman, R.A., Birou, L.M. Whitten, D (2014) Total JIT (T-JIT) and its impact on supply chain competency and organizational performance, International Journal of Production Economics, 147 (Part A), pp. 125-135. Lyons, A.C., Vidamour, K., Jain, R. Sutherland, M. (2013) Developing an understanding of lean thinking in process industries, Production Planning Control, 24 (6), pp. 475-494. Piercy, N. Rich, N. (2015) The relationship between lean operations and sustainable operations, International Journal of Operations Production Management, 35 (2), pp. 282-315. Santos, J., Wysk, R. A., Torres, J. M. (2014).Improving production with lean thinking. John Wiley Sons.